Basic elements of preparation:

• Water link.
• Food link.
• First-Aid kit.
• Fire protection

         

Basics:

[Pretty much from most likely to least likely.]

1. Personal disaster for your family. Major illness or accident, job loss, house fire. Or even tiny personal "mini-disasters" such as theft of wallet or phone or laptop, or having your phone or laptop die.
   
   
2. Short-term local disruption. Hurricane or blizzard or earthquake interrupts food stores and utilities (electric, water, gas, sewage, internet, roads) for a week or two.
   
   
3. Medium-term local disruption. Major local destruction due to flooding, hurricane, tornado, wildfire. Maybe your neighborhood and house are badly damaged.
   
   
4. National economic crisis or war-based boycott. Such as Venezuela is going through in 2018. Currency collapses, govt services are minimal, stores don't have basic food or supplies.
   
   
5. Complete national societal breakdown. Your country turns into a war-zone.
   
   
6. Worldwide societal breakdown. World war, or a major asteroid strike, or a major fatal out-of-control pandemic.
   
   

• Relationships.
• Skills.
• Materials.

And that's probably in order of hardest-to-easiest. Getting your partner and family on board, getting them to cooperate and learn skills and agree to spend the money, might be hard and take a long time. Last-minute buying of some materials you overlooked, such as more food and water, probably is easy.

• Integrate preparation into your life. It's not some separate mode that you switch into in the event of a disaster. You have to practice the skills, use the materials and replenish them, maintain relationships, on a continuing basis. If you want to buy some rural retreat to flee to in a disaster, buy something that also works as a vacation place you can enjoy routinely.
  
  
• Your goal (before and after a disaster) is to have a good life, not just to survive. Fix problems in your "normal" life, don't just provide for a disaster. Fix your finances, your health, your physical fitness, your relationships.
  Fixing those will pay off in a post-disaster situation too.
  
  
• Simplify your life. If you're driving 100 miles from home to work to school each day, a disaster could catch you stuck in the wrong place. If you're driving 40 miles every other day to go take care of your parents, what will happen to them during/after a disaster ? If the nearest store is 5 miles away, how will you get there after a disaster ?
  
  
• Do things that will be useful even if no disaster ever comes. Avoid things that only pay off if the global economy collapses, or an asteroid hits, or something. Don't go into massive debt to build a bunker, assuming the bank will disappear when the global nuclear war happens.
  
  
• Prepare for the most likely problem first. Probably a weather event; depending on your location, it might be a hurricane or blizzard or earthquake or flood. Maybe you'll be on your own for a week, with no utilities. Can you handle that ?
  
  
• In terms of "likely problems", your death is inevitable, someday. How will your family cope ? Do you have life insurance ? Savings ? Do you have legal stuff and other documents prepared for them ? See my "Legal Stuff" page.
  
  
• Maybe start with some very simple, easy steps: Make sure everyone in the family knows when and how to call ambulance or police. Make sure children and the elderly carry phone numbers of the adults at all times. Buy a basic First-Aid kit, fire protection, 10 gallons of water, extra nonperishable food. Make copies of important documents. A simple, easy start will give you a sense of accomplishment, get you over the hurdle of getting started.
  
  
• Get training before buying anything more than the most basic stuff. Training will help you find out the right things to buy.
  
  
• Don't try to keep up with other preppers. You have to find your own path, your own cost/benefit tradeoffs. Some people will move to a farm and try to become completely self-sufficient so they could survive forever in a complete societal breakdown. Well, I don't want to be a farmer, I don't want to slaughter my own animals, I don't want to live out in the middle of nowhere. Decide what is right for you. And you can change that over time, if necessary.
  
  
• Similarly, decide what your limits are. Personally, I'm comfortable accepting that if a full-out global nuclear war or a complete global economic collapse or an enormous asteroid strike happens, my family and I will die (along with 99% of humanity). I'm not going to worry about those. I'm not going to do anything special to try to survive those.
  
  
• Mostly ignore the (non-disaster) news. Some preppers obsessively read the world news, looking for and maybe hoping for signs of coming civil war, signs of world economy collapsing, signs of coming racial war, or whatever. That's a waste of time. Prepare for more likely, smaller things such as weather events. Over time, you can increase your level of preparation.
  
  Now, when a disaster is imminent or happening or just past, you want to listen to the news for specific info: what's down, what's happening, what does the govt say to do, where are aid distribution points, etc.
  
  
• Be aware that a lot of people are making a very good living off scaring people:
  • "D's/Obama/Hillary are coming for your guns": the R's, the NRA, the gun-manufacturers are laughing all the way to the bank about how gullible you are.
  • Alex Jones gets fame and lots of fortune by panicking people and selling expensive buckets of crap-food to them.
  • "Fiat money is about to collapse, buy gold/silver from me".
  • "The government and media are evil, don't accept anything they say": the Russians love this.
  
  There is a tiny amount of truth in each of these things. The D's do favor more gun-control. People should have some extra food in storage. Governments do have a lot of debt and keep printing more money. Some media is biased, and some media flat-out lies. But mostly the people hard-selling these stories are trying to manipulate you into doing what they want.
  
  
• You want balance. It's not good if you have plenty of food, water and weapons, but no medical skills or supplies. Or some other imbalance.
  
  
• You want backups and fallbacks. You shouldn't be the only person in your family who knows how to operate everything. You don't want a fire in your kitchen or a flood in your basement to destroy all your food.
  
  
• For any material item, think of storage, procurement, and production. How much do you have, how can you get more, how can you make more ?
  
  
• Maybe do an occasional test-run. Turn off all the utilities (electric, water, gas, internet, phones) for a day, and see how well you can function.
  
  
• Preparation is a marathon, not a sprint. Don't go crazy quickly buying tons of stuff. You'll soon find yourself sitting around bored and hoping a catastrophe happens soon. And minus a lot of money.
  
  
• Preparation should not be totally selfish, and about hiding in a bunker while everyone else starves. Prepare to be able to help your relatives, neighbors, community.
  
  

• You can buy just about everything you need in "normal" stores: supermarket, Walmart, hardware store. Don't pay 3x for something just because it comes from a "prepper" store and comes in a camoflauge-colored box.
  
  
• If you get evacuated, or cut off from your home, can you access electronic copies of your ID documents ?
  
  
• Find out about government plans/preparation/advice: what is their plan for providing water or shelter, where are the usual evacuation shelters, what do they expect you to bring with you, etc.
  
  
• Consider different scenarios: flood means you have to leave your house for months, government quarantine means you have to stay in your house for weeks/months, etc.
  
  
• Map out family meeting-points, and evacuation routes, and out-of-area evacuation destinations. What emergency plans do the kid's schools have ? What does the school expect you to do ?
  
  
• Redundancy/resilience: you don't want all your water in one tank, or all of your medical stuff in one bag. What if it gets contaminated or stolen or destroyed somehow ?
  
  
• Things to have in your house/apartment:
  • Water (stock, empty containers, filtration, disinfectant, rain capture).
  • Food.
  • Sanitation (including shampoo, toothpaste, deodorant, cleaners, etc).
  • First Aid.
  • Medicines (your prescriptions, anti-biotics, spare eyeglasses, masks, gloves, rescue breathing mask).
  • Security (locks, alarms, whistles, weapons, dogs).
  • Communications.
  • Power/fuel.
  • Cash.
  • Support network (family, friends, neighbors).
  • Tools/spares to maintain and repair stuff. Spare chargers for devices, spare earbuds, spare cables.
  • Batteries.
  • Information (disaster plans, important documents, how-to books, equipment manuals).
  • Comfort items (entertainment, alcohol, cigarettes, coffee, tea, caffeine, sugar, sweetener, etc).
  • Shelter (if you're away from home, or home is damaged).
  
  
  
• How to acquire skills: camping/backpacking classes, FirstAid/medical classes, Emergency Response classes, Search-and-Rescue classes.
  
  
• Do all the adults in your house know how to turn off the main switches/valves for electricity, water, gas ?
  
  
• Do all the adults in your house know what to grab in case of a sudden evacuation ?
  
  

Fire protection:

• Fire extinguisher. You can buy a 6-KG ABC fire-extinguisher online for about $35.
  
  
• Fire blanket.
  
  
• Smoke alarm.
  
  
• Fume alarm.
  
  
• Fireproof and waterproof "document bag" or safe for documents and backup disks etc.
  
  Document bags/cases available on Amazon for $10 to $50. But they don't specify how long they can resist fire and water, and what temperature the inside will rise to. And various people say "nothing will survive a house fire" and "these protect paper, not disks".
  
  Most house fires generally don't exceed 650C.
  
  Disks are more sensitive to heat than flash drives and paper.
  From Fireproof Safes UK's "NT FIRE 017 Fire Test":
  Paper chars ... at 177C; temp rise of more than 50C damages flash drive, CD-ROM, DVD; temp rise of more than 30C damages floppy disk. Says nothing about hard disks. [Suppose normal ambient temp is 35C; that would mean plastic magnetic media damaged around 65C.]
  
  From Safelinc's "Fireproof Safes & Storage":
  "Starts to degrade: paper at 177C, digital (flash drive, CD, external hard drive) at 120C, magnetic media (tape, floppy, traditional internal hard drive) at 52C." I don't understand the distinction between external and "traditional internal" hard drives. And "rising humidity levels inside the safe can also constitute a hazard for vulnerable data media".
  
  Someone on reddit said "Standard hard drives start getting higher probability for data loss at 60C." But I wonder if that's for when it's in operation, not powered off. Maybe could survive a higher temperature when off, then cooled down and powered on. Another source: "You need a safe that limits the interior temperature to 52C or 66C for magnetic media like hard drives ...". Another: "a CPU chip will fry at 150C". Typical CPU chip max operating temp is about 100C.
  
  From Remtech's "Fire Ratings Explained":
  "The critical temperature for computer media is only 55C. Above that temperature all information is lost. The critical temperature for hardware storage is 70C. Above that temperature hardware will be effectively destroyed ..."
  
  Standards for digital media:

  • EN 1047 Dis or BS EN 1047 Dis: 120 minutes at 1100C, internal not exceed 52C.
  • NT FIRE 017-120 Dis: 120 minutes at 1100C, internal not exceed 52C.
  • UL 72: 120 minutes at 1000C, internal not exceed 52C.
  • MTC DIP120 - 60DMA: 120 minutes at ???, internal not exceed ???.
  • MTC DIP120 - 60DMB: 120 minutes at 1100C, internal not exceed 120C.

  
  Would be nice if these guys stated exact model numbers and claimed standards, and measured temperatures inside and out:
  TKOR's "Testing Fire Resistant Safes" (video)
  PreppersSurvive's "Do Fireproof Bags Really Work?"
  Mr EastCoastMan's "Is a fire safe actually safe in a fire ?" (video)
  
  If your safe has mounting holes through its walls, make sure those holes are filled (with bolts and maybe some kind of fire-insulation) whether you mount it or leave it freestanding.
  
  I see some products that have the title "for your documents and digital media", but then the standards they claim to meet are for paper only, not digital media.
  
  I see some products that say they meet standard "MTC DIP120 - 60DM", but there seem to be at least "A" and "B" versions of that standard.
  
  "Defense in depth" probably is a good thing: put a smaller bag inside a bigger bag or a safe.
  
  
  

Water:

• Don't worry about subtleties such as chemicals from plastic containers leaching into the water over time. The water is there to keep you alive, and drinking a little extra chemicals for a month or so won't really harm you.
  
  
• Consider adding a tap to the bottom of your hot-water heater, or check out the existing drain plug, so you can extract the water from it easily if needed after a disaster. You might also need a backflow-preventer, to prevent the water from running back out into the city supply when the pressure fails.
  
  
• Boiling, cooling, and then simple filtration (e.g. Brita) will make most water quite safe. Purification pills and chlorine also are useful. Don't worry about rare viruses or chemicals or prions or whatever.
  
  
• Water-quality test kits ?
  
  
• If you need hoses, use specialty food-quality or drinking-water hose instead of normal garden hose.
  
  
• If you're going to store barrels or tanks of water, maybe it would be good to plumb your normal water supply right through the tanks/barrels ? So you're constantly using and refreshing that water, and you know the quality of it. But this may violate some plumbing code ? And you might have to elevate the tanks so they gravity-feed the system when the external pressure fails. The plumbing has to be good; you don't want to use a hose that could burst and flood your house.
  
  

Food:

• Categories of food:
  • Perishables.
  • Non-perishables you eat normally, but require cooking.
  • Non-perishables you eat normally, and don't require cooking.
  • Non-perishables you don't eat normally (MREs, dehydrated stuff, emergency rations).
  
  
  
• There's really no downside to buying loads of extra non-perishable food as long as it is stuff you eat normally. You will eat it sooner or later. Don't go straight to buying the custom survivalist food. Don't pay 3x for something just because it comes from a "prepper" store and comes in a camoflauge-colored box.
  
  
• We have two children (10 and 20 years old) who tend to ransack the kitchen for anything tasty (other than fruit or vegetables). So we'd need a locking cupboard to store emergency food.
  
  
• You do know how to cook for yourself at home, right ? If you're one of those people who eat at bars/restaurants several times each week, or have their main meal at work at lunchtime, and otherwise just snack, maybe you'd better learn to cook.
  
  
• Don't expect to scavenge food from dumpsters; there may be lots of competition, or less discarded by the stores.
  
  
• Don't expect to scavenge food from parks or farm fields, unless you already do that routinely and have the skills.
  
  

First Aid And Medicine:

• Ahead of time, know the allergies and medical conditions of everyone in your family, what medicines they're taking (and doses), generic names for the medicines and any alternative medicines, symptoms of their condition getting worse, what to do if they get worse. Other than serious pain medicine, it should be easy to get larger-than-normal supplies of the medicines.
  
  
• Most common conditions to avoid: dehydration; overheating.
  
  
• Common illnesses to treat: diarrhea, constipation, and other GI-tract problems; cold/flu/bronchitis/pneumonia.
  
  
• Plan for problems: assume that someone with an existing condition will get worse (because of stress, heat/cold, different diet, bad luck).
  
  

Security:

• I'm very ambivalent about guns:
  
  

  • I know how to fire guns; I've shot handguns and shotguns a fair amount, not much with rifles. I don't know how to maintain guns.
    
    
  • Ownership of guns (even by "good guys") takes a huge toll on our society, every day. We in USA have a homicide rate 2x to 6x that of most other major Western countries, because we have higher guns per capita than they do.
    
    
  • Some 500,000 guns are stolen each year in USA.
    
    
  • Legal ownership of guns by adults often leads to accidents, or crimes, or suicides, or theft of the gun. Using your gun to defend yourself from a criminal is the LEAST likely result of owning a gun. Christopher Ingraham's "Guns in America: For every criminal killed in self-defense, 34 innocent people die". Keeping a gun in your house is dangerous to you and your family.
    
    
  • Do NOT buy a gun if you or anyone in your house has problems with depression or suicidal ideation.
    
    
  • I know you want to prepare before a disaster happens, but maybe buying a simple gun is something you could do at the last minute if society started breaking down. That way you've avoided the danger of owning a gun, for years. So maybe it would cost 10x as much as usual at the last minute; no problem.
    
    
  • Somehow every gun owner I talk to online is the PERFECT owner, their guns stored as safely as if they were in Fort Knox, yet instantly at hand to slay hordes of evil home invaders. They're never careless for a second, never will make a mistake, they're flawless. And if we armed a lot more people to stop criminals, all those new owners would be flawless too. It's amazing ! And unbelievable.
    
    
  • Some preppers talk about their guns as if they can't wait for a chance to kill people. They seem to look forward to a time when society has broken down and they will have the chance to shoot people with impunity. That's disgusting.
    
    
  • In a disaster situation, aggressive people who go looking for conflict have a higher chance of getting injured. Which you don't want when medical facilities are scarce.
    
    
  • Maybe 1 or 2 guns could be useful. Having 30 guns and 100K rounds of ammunition probably means you spent a lot of money that might have been spent better on something else.
    
    
  • Have a gun that you are confident about, you know how to use effectively, you know how to maintain. Don't fall for experts claiming that model X is the only gun worth having.
    
    
  • If you're new to guns, get training, learn the laws, and practice at a target range. Start with a .22: the ammo is cheap, the guns are cheapish.
    
    
  • Many people live in cities or countries where it's very hard to own a handgun, and firing a rifle could endanger innocent people. Maybe the answer is a shotgun.
    
    

  In the time of COVID-19:
  
  
  
• Dogs: I'm not a pet person. Seems to me you really should have at least two dogs, so they can keep each other company when you're not home. Hard to have dogs in an apartment.
  
  
• Very loud alarm, like a rape-whistle thing, to scare away people or call for help.
  
  
• A drone, to see what's going on in your area.
  
  

Power / Fuel:

• If you never power down your various devices (phone, computer), test what happens if you do power them down: turn them off and back on. Do you know the passwords ?
  
  
• If your power hasn't failed in a long time, test what happens if it does go out: turn off all the power in your whole house and turn it back on.
  
  
• If the power goes out, how will you power your devices ?
  
  
• If the power goes out, will anything critical such as door-locks stop working ?
  
  
• If the internet goes out, will anything critical such as door-locks stop working ?
  
  
• Generator.
  
  
• Candles: be very careful that you don't burn yourself or start a fire.
  
  

Shelter:

• Be prepared to repair or patch likely damage, such as blown-out windows or a tree-branch hole in your roof.
  
  
• Some alternative shelters are your usual home, your second/vacation home, hotel, friend's home, work/office, RV, boat, camping, govt camp. Some people jump straight to camping as the solution, but that's just about the least-desirable situation.
  
  
• If you end up being evacuated to a camp, some key items to have are your own portable toilet, toothbrushes and toothpaste, strong antibiotics.
  
  
• Better to be in an urban or rural place in a disaster ? It depends. Urban areas will have more people, so get more aid from govt. Rural areas will tend to have room or regulations that allow generators, guns, dogs, fences, etc.
  
  Don't expect rural people to be all small-town old-timey-America friendly and nice. Plenty of poverty and unemployment and drugs out there. People will scout your property and steal anything that's not well-secured, especially if you're not there most of the time.
  
  
• For an apartment, better to be on 2nd or 3rd floor. 1st (ground) floor has less security and might flood. Higher floors would be difficult if the power goes out for a while (so the elevator doesn't work) and maybe won't have good water pressure.
  
  

Behavior / Choices:

• Do you run away or do you stay ? Suppose a big hurricane is coming right for you. Do you hunker down in your well-prepared house, or do you get into your car and drive out of the area to a friend's house ? It would be hard to leave most of your supplies behind, but why spend a week with no power/water/sewage/communication if you don't have to ?
  
  
• Don't escalate a situation.
  
  
  • After the huge storm passes, you shouldn't run out onto your balcony with your biggest gun and yell "don't anyone come here, I'm armed !". People will call the police.
    
    
  • If a bunch of armed people want to loot your store or apartment, should you hunker down and shoot it out ? Or are you better off leaving by the back door and running away ? Do you want to kill people and risk dying yourself to defend your possessions ?
  
  
  
• Going out during/after the disaster probably is not a good idea; stay home. You could go out to be a:
  • Hero: rescue other people.
  • Tourist: go look at the damage.
  • Enforcer: go looking for trouble to stop.
  But stepping on a downed powerline or something sharp could ruin your whole day. Stray dogs, police, some idiot with a gun. You don't want any part of it. Why take risks you don't have to ?
  
  
• Try to minimize everyday risks. Jumping down from a chair or steps or something, you could sprain or break an ankle. In normal times, a nuisance. During a disaster, it could be very serious. Same with opening food-cans, handling boiling water, doing any kind of repair or construction, clearing away damaged stuff. Be extra-careful, because an injury could be disastrous.
  
  
• What are you going to do if family, friends, neighbors, or strangers come asking for help ?
  
  

Anti-government stuff:

• It's hypocritical. I'm sure many of the "no government" people are just fine with a big military, a big border patrol, lots of prisons for bad people, government banning abortion, government banning gays, government banning Muslims, etc. They're just against government taxing them or putting limits on them.
  
  
• It's impractical. We mostly gave up self-sufficiency when we went through the Industrial Revolution. Life was pretty grim when you had to make something yourself or do without it. We specialize because it's more efficient and gives us a higher standard of living. And I doubt the current world population could be supported if we returned to family-farming and gave up most of industry.
  
  
• It conjures up some time (especially in USA) that mostly never existed. Right from the start of the Colonies, we had government and organization and specialization, not to mention slave labor. We've had government corruption and economic manipulation and huge booms and crashes for a long time.
  
  
• Often it claims there's something unique about America, somehow we're uniquely blessed with a Constitution and democracy and the right to guns. That's nonsense. What we have came here from elsewhere, from ancient Greece and Enlightenment Europe and other places. Other frontier-type countries (Canada, Australia, maybe South Africa) had much of the same history and individualism and gun-dependence that we did. Are you black or a woman or American Indian or some other minority ? The Founders didn't intend for you to own a gun.
  
  
• It ignores the plight of the poor and the sick and the weak, the unlucky and the victims. We have to help each other, and much of that help has to be organized and even mandated.
  
  
  
• We need government, at least to balance against other countries, criminals, and corporations.
  
  
  
• I kind of like rule of law, instead of rule of "whatever the nearest gang with the most weapons feels like doing today".
  
  
• Sure, there are lots of things wrong with our current government, and wrong with both political parties. These are not things that can be fixed by simplistic solutions such as getting rid of all of it.
  
  

Miscellaneous: