GitHub or Pastebin: free, can be anonymous, very few features, you won't collect any ad money.
Amazon S3 bucket: mostly to learn about AWS, but also can handle high traffic volumes, fast, reliable.
article1,
article2
Facebook page or Pinterest or Trello etc: free, few features,
hard to move to elsewhere, you won't collect any ad money.
Tumblr or Medium blog/articles: free, you won't collect any ad money, I don't know the limits of them.
Rich-site host: Squarespace or Wordpress or Wix or NodeHost etc: paid, lots of features, maybe lots of support,
hard to move to elsewhere, you won't collect any ad money.
Medium-site host: Google Sites: free, some features,
can use GUI or direct HTML, you won't collect any ad money.
HTML-only site on hosting service:
hosted on any web hosting service, either hand-built or using design tools.
Web-app site: mix of HTML and server engines (PHP, SQL, etc).
Business-app site: mix of HTML and server engines (PHP, SQL, etc) and gateway to payments/money.
VPS and server stack: rent a "virtual machine" (VPS) in the cloud, and install
an OS and web server and your pages in it. AWS, Digital Ocean, Linode, etc.
Mostly to learn about cloud servers.
Local server: a computer on your LAN, and install
an OS and web server and your pages on it, and open an incoming port through your
router to the server. Need to get a fixed public IP address somehow. Could compromise your LAN's security.
You buy this from a "domain registrar" company, for an annual
fee around $20. They associate your domain
with your ID, and designate a DNS for your domain.
Choose a domain registrar that:
Will keep your ID private, for free.
Supports 2FA on your domain administration account.
Ways to have a domain (or sub-domain) without having your name on it: Njalla (domain for $15/year) FreeDNS (sub-domain for free)
(but really the middleman, not you, is the owner of the domain)
DNS: maps from domain to host's IP address.
Usually you can use the DNS of your domain registar, or the DNS
of your hosting service.
Use the DNS of your hosting service, so that the DNS records get
updated automatically if they move your site to a new IP address.
How to dump your whole DNS configuration (all the records)
into a file for backup purposes ?
# gets some useful info, but not all records:
nslookup -q=any DOMAINNAME
# gets some useful info, but not all records:
dig @DNSSERVERNAME ANY -q DOMAINNAME
# about the same:
dig +nocmd DOMAINNAME any +multiline +answer
DNSChecker's "DNS Lookup"
also does not give all records; maybe my hosting service is
filtering out a bunch of them. For example, it doesn't show my DMARC record, but
DNSChecker's "DMARC Validation"
does show an evaluation of that record ! Doesn't show DKIM record.
Script "DNSDump.sh" that does a little better
(from here):
#!/bin/bash
# Usage:
# DNSDump.sh DOMAINNAME
# DNSDump.sh -x DOMAINNAME
# DNSDump.sh DOMAINNAME -s NAMESERVER
set -e; set -u
COMMON_SUBDOMAINS="www mail mx a.mx smtp pop imap blog en ftp ssh login"
EXTENDED=""
while :; do case "$1" in
--) shift; break ;;
-x) EXTENDED=y; shift ;;
-s) NS="$2"; shift 2 ;;
*) break ;;
esac; done
DOM="$1"; shift
TYPE="${1:-any}"
test "${NS:-}" || NS=$(dig +short SOA "$DOM" | awk '{print $1}')
test "$NS" && NS="@$NS"
if test "$EXTENDED"; then
dig +nocmd $NS "$DOM" +noall +answer "$TYPE"
wild_ips=$(dig +short "$NS" "*.$DOM" "$TYPE" | tr '\n' '|')
wild_ips="${wild_ips%|}"
for sub in $COMMON_SUBDOMAINS; do
dig +nocmd $NS "$sub.$DOM" +noall +answer "$TYPE"
done | cat #grep -vE "${wild_ips}"
dig +nocmd $NS "*.$DOM" +noall +answer "$TYPE"
else
dig +nocmd $NS "$DOM" +noall +answer "$TYPE"
fi
I see comments online saying that "get all records" is called a "zone transfer", and
this is not allowed without authorization (an "external zone transfer") because it provides lots of info for attackers.
Host: machine at the IP address.
Web server: Apache, NGINX, etc.
Don't have the same company be your domain registrar and your site host.
If the site host disables your account for some reason, you want to be able
to point your domain to some other host and get the site back online quickly.
Do not use a free email account provided by your domain registrar or your site host.
If they disable your account for some reason, you lose both email and web site.
How my configuration looks:
Users:
Web user
Email user
HTTP get or post to https://MYDOMAIN.TLD/SOMEPAGE
SMTP/IMAP access to NAME@MYDOMAIN.TLD
Domain registrar:
MYDOMAIN.TLD is owned by MYPERSONNAME
Nameservers for MYDOMAIN.TLD are at MYWEBHOST.TLD
Access DNS at MYWEBHOST.TLD
DNS at Web hosting service:
A record says domain's IPv4 address is n.n.n.n
MX record says mail service is EMAILHOST.TLD
DKIM, SPF, DMARC records say where email should come from, what to do about bad email, etc.
Hosting the main site (all pages, maybe all files):
Paid shared hosting service: best choice, let the pro's handle it, usually comes with free DNS,
lots of additional services available (for a price).
Choose a hosting service that:
Supports 2FA on your administration accounts.
Supports SFTP to upload files to the server.
Free shared hosting service: probably limited services, probably no ad money,
may have quirks, might not be able to use your own domain name, may go out of business.
A server machine in your home LAN: bad choice, you have to open an incoming port through
your router into your LAN, monitor security, patch software, etc.
A desktop machine in your home LAN: worst choice, now you're letting incoming traffic
into a machine with your important personal data on it.
Cloud VPS: a virtual Linux machine running in some data center: most flexible, and lets
you get hands-on with all the details of web server, database server, etc (if you wish).
Digital Ocean. Linode.
Security article
Moving big static files (images etc) to Cloud Storage:
This reduces traffic and disk space requirements on your site hosting service.
But this adds another point of failure. If the cloud storage service goes down,
your images are inaccessible. Your web pages still work.
Requires an email address and phone number. 10 GB free.
KEY LIMIT: cap of 2500 free "downloads" (images displayed, for example) per day. And the
only way to eliminate the limit is to add a payment card and get charged for every download
above the limit, each day. There is no flat monthly fee or lifetime plan; it's pay-per-download.
Record your "Master Application Key" value from My Settings / App Keys.
Create an application key there too; you will get an "id" value and a "key" value.
Max of 100 buckets, each bucket name must be 6 to 50 chars long, can't rename a bucket.
IMO the only reason to create multiple buckets is if you want different permissions for them.
pip install --upgrade b2
b2 version
b2 help
b2 authorize_account APPIDVALUE
# then when prompted:
Backblaze application key: APPKEYVALUE
# that created file .b2_account_info in your home directory
# you're supposed to get a response giving URL, but I didn't get one
strings .b2_account_info | grep http
# looks like my URL is https://f000.backblazeb2.com/
b2 create_bucket myweb0 allPublic
# bucket has to be empty before you can delete it
# easiest to delete from CLI
b2 delete-bucket BarcelonaPics
b2 list_buckets
# if uploading lots of files, easier to do through web site
# BUCKET SRC DEST
b2 upload_file myweb0 AndaluciaPics/xxx.jpg AndaluciaPics/xxx.jpg
b2 upload_file myweb0 AndaluciaPics/thumbs/xxx.jpg AndaluciaPics/thumbs/xxx.jpg
# access via: https://f000.backblazeb2.com/file/myweb0/AndaluciaPics/xxx.jpg
"b2 help" puts output on stderr, not stdout ? Can't do "b2 help | more" ?
The CLI utility uploads only one file at a time, and maybe each upload
can fail and have to be retried ? Instead, use the web site, go to Browse Files,
and in a bucket click Upload. Then you can select N files and upload them in one batch.
If the upload fails, just click Close (X) on the error dialog. You will go back to the
file-listing dialog (which has no scrollbar or buttons !). Just leave it alone,
let it sit there, it will try again on the failed files.
Limited to 2500 file-uploads per day, including retries, and you may well hit that limit when first
creating your bucket(s).
Caching content in multiple servers worldwide via a CDN (Content Delivery Network):
You could have a CDN (Content Delivery Network) cache your large data (images, audio, video).
This reduces traffic and disk space requirements on your site hosting service or cloud storage service.
But this adds another point of failure. If the CDN goes down,
your images etc are inaccessible. Your web pages still work, because
they're addressed via your main domain, not the CDN domain or cloud domain.
Had to give email, phone, postal address,
name of domain of my web site. Verified the email. Later got an email telling me
an URL to use, of form like "https://r6t7t9y90e03.hostrycdn.com/..."
Then change image links from "https://MYDOMAIN/..." to "https://r6t7t9y90e03.hostrycdn.com/...".
Later decided not to use it. Partly because of additional point of failure, but mainly
because I feared it would run up the daily download count on my cloud storage and hit the cap there.
If you use all three (site host, cloud storage, and CDN):
Pages and small files reside on your site host.
Big static files (images etc) reside on the cloud storage.
Then:
Img links in pages use the CDN's domain.
CDN is set up to look for images etc on the cloud storage domain.
Enable HTTPS access to your site, so your users will have secure connections (no malicious injection by ISP).
Apparently, a free TLS certificate generally won't have your person/organization name in it, and just assures
that the connection is secure. But a paid TLS certificate generally WILL have your person/organization name in it,
and also serves to assure user that they are connecting to correct person/organization.
To see certificate chain from client to your site, on Linux client:
echo | openssl s_client -connect www.YOURDOMAINNAME:443 -showcerts | more
Change your port 80 vhost so it doesn't serve your site and only has a .htaccess
redirect to port 443, which serves your actual site ?
For best file caching you should have either an ETag directive or If-Modified-Since / If-None-Match
directives, but not both ? And ETag doesn't work if your site is being served from multiple servers. AskApache's "Speed Tips: Turn Off ETags"
Presentation: appearance and layout of the elements.
Behavior: what happens when user interacts with the page.
Sharing / re-use / consistency:
Content: iframes for common constructs as page navigation header (section/otherpage images/links)
and page navigation footer (About/Home/Search/Privacy links) ?
But that's an additional file or two to fetch (cached, I guess) for each page, and how to pass
parameters to them ?
Presentation: central CSS file.
Behavior: central Javascript file.
Use an editor that will syntax-check your HTML and CSS and JavaScript. I use VSCode.
Even after the editor says everything is okay, also do browser checks:
In Firefox, open a page, Web Console is crtl-shift-K. See error messages.
Fix the ones in your files. A lot of messages may be from files you don't control.
In Chrome/Chromium, open a page, do crtl-shift-I. But it seems you get far less information than in Firefox.
or if say the image is 600px wide but you never want to display it more than 300px wide:
style="width:300px;max-width:100%;"
Test on a real mobile device, in as many browsers as are installed. On Android, first get
rid of any cached data by doing Settings / Storage & USB / Cached data / Clear.
In Chrome browser: Go to your page. Click on "..." / More Tools / Developer Tools (or ctrl+shift+I).
Click on Audits. Un-check all the Audits except "SEO". Click the Run Audits button.
There are many ways for users to arrive at the home page of your
site: they could type "DOMAIN.TLD" or "www.DOMAIN.TLD" or "http://DOMAIN.TLD" or "https://DOMAIN.TLD/index.html"
or other things. It might help SEO if you specify the main address for that page ?
Add a directive such as:
Google Adsense.
Make sure your site: has plenty of content, has a privacy policy page that mentions google ads,
doesn't use any vulgar language, is mobile-friendly.
Check for broken links (an endless chore).
If you use VSCode editor, I have written an extension
(HTML link checker)
that does this from within the editor, where it's easy to fix the code. Can be used to check links
in HTML, XML, and RSS files.
Where possible, use HTTPS links instead of HTTP links in your pages,
so your users will have secure connections (no malicious injection by ISP).
Use moarTLS browser extension to check your pages for HTTP links.
But don't assume that when it says an HTTPS version is available, you can just change the link to HTTPS.
Some sites accept HTTPS but give an error or empty page, some give only the home page, some redirect back to the HTTP page.
If you use VSCode editor, I have written an extension
(HTML link checker)
that does similar checking (and more) from within the editor,
where it's easy to fix the code.
I think it's considered bad practice or "not HTML5" to use the "table" tag any more,
it doesn't adapt well to varying screen sizes ?
Instead, use "div" or "CSS Grid" ?
Terrific site that can style and generate tables using either table tag or div tags:
HTML Div Table Generator.
Use the pull-down next to "Table / Div:" to change between the two types.
Use "Styler" to choose among various colors and fonts etc.
Styler seems to generate only table-tag code; have to run through "convert to div" ?
If you have multiple styles of tables in your site, you may have to fiddle with
CSS class names to keep them separate.
In Chrome browser: Go to your page. Click on "..." / More Tools / Developer Tools (or ctrl+shift+I).
Click on Audits. Un-check all the Audits except "Best practices". Click the Run Audits button.
Accessible to disabled/impaired people:
Two kinds of accessibility testing:
Do in this order:
Static: analyze your HTML code on disk, using editor extensions or other tools. Fix any problems.
Dynamic: analyze your rendered site pages as they appear in the browser,
using browser extensions or other tools. This includes the effects of any server-side or client-side (JavaScript)
code that gets executed.
Static testing in VSCode editor: install extension "Web Accessibility" by Max van der Schee.
Dynamic testing in Firefox browser:
Preferences / Privacy and Security / "Prevent accessibility services from accessing your browser" must be un-checked.
Open tab with your web page in it.
Click on Hamburger / Web Developer / Accessibility (or press Shift-F12).
Click on "Turn on Accessibility Features".
Look at "Check for issues" status, change pull-down next to it from "None" to "All Issues".
See a table with columns "Role" and "Name".
As you hover the mouse over items in the table, offending elements of your page will
be highlighted and a message displayed.
Chrome browser accessibility audits: Go to your page. Click on "..." / More Tools / Developer Tools (or ctrl+shift+I).
Click on Audits. Un-check all the Audits except Accessibility. Click the Run Audits button.
[Does not work in a local (file-scheme) page.]
Chrome browser Elements: Go to your page. Click on "..." / More Tools / Developer Tools (or ctrl+shift+I).
Click on Elements. Halfway down the right-side pane, click on Accessibility. Not sure what to do next,
maybe expand the trees and see what is marked "not specified" ?
Common accessibility issues:
IMG tag must have ALT attribute. If image is "decorative", just ALT="".
INPUT tag must be preceeded by a LABEL tag, where FOR attribute of LABEL matches ID attribute of INPUT.
[Same for BUTTON, TEXTAREA, SELECT tags.]
[As reported by Firefox] Everywhere you have an ONCLICK handler, you also should have an ONKEYDOWN handler ?
[As reported by Chrome] Every page should have a heading, skip link, or landmark region ?
Apparently you can't have a link (A HREF) that contains only an IMG and no text.
Issues in standard code from Google:
[As reported by Firefox] Google Search boxes seem to violate the "text label" (LABEL) and "focus styling" requirements.
I tried LABEL FOR="search", LABEL FOR="gsc-i-idl", and entirely enclosing the whole thing in a LABEL tag,
but none of them made Firefox happy. The search FORM tag doesn't have an ID attribute, so can't use
LABEL FORM="id".
Using CSS was strange:
input[name="search"]:focus { color: red; }
got rid of the "focus styling" violation, but using
input[name="search"]:focus { color: black; }
did not.
[As reported by Firefox] Google Ads seem to violate the "iframe must have title" and "document must have title" requirements,
and somehow make Firefox report same about the overall page (even though that does have a title).
[As reported by Chrome] Google Ads seem to violate the "iframe must have title" requirement.
1/2020 Reported the Google issues to
Google Disability Support Center.
They said they replicated them and engineers will work on them.
Instead of putting analytics code on your pages, and thus sharing user
info with some analytics company, see if your site-hosting service already
shows that data in their admin interface. Mine does: quite nice reports
in CPanel. The downside is that if you change hosting companies, you lose the old data.
If site-hosting service doesn't do reports but will give you raw data, maybe use:
GoAccess
Instead of accessing Google fonts from your pages, and thus sharing user
traffic info with Google,
just use (user's) system default fonts, or self-host fonts you want.
GTmetrix (the numbers are erratic, but the recommendations are valuable)
If security is an issue (you're handling money, storing personal data, etc),
use as few plug-ins (e.g. Wordpress plug-ins) as possible.
Each is a potential source of vulnerabilities.
Don't allow comments or user-uploaded content; they're just a source of grief.
Just give an email address.
Third-party scripts (for ads, search, analytics, comments, trackers, widgets, etc) can
be very dangerous, even doing key-logging (AKA "session recording") while users
use the web page
(article).
You may be using a script for one purpose (say, comments section), but it
may pull in 10 other scripts that do all kinds of things. Test your site with
Blacklight.
Don't specify font-sizes (and maybe element spacings ?) in pixels;
that doesn't adjust as user changes browser font-size.
Specify in percents, qualifiers such as "larger", or rems (the font-size of the root <html> element).
article1,
article2
I know my site has big pages, clunky icons, doesn't look modern.
I'm much more focused on content, instead of form. It would be nice to
have a better UI. But given a choice, instead of UI I'd spend the time
on more content or fixing broken links.
I've struggled with the design for a couple of decades now.
Some things I like about the current design:
Big pages are easier to search through than a lot of small pages.
Layout adapts to mobile / smaller screen fairly well.
Search engines easily understand the pages.
Easy to copy info out of the pages.
Works even with Javascript disabled.
Site seems to work with any browser. [Mainly because of previous item.]
Everything is client-side, no back-end services (database, PHP, etc) needed.
Site easily portable to a new hosting service. [Mainly because of previous item.]
Site works locally via "file://" URL, again because no back-end services.
Site should be highly accessible to sight-impaired people.
Checking for broken links and fixing them is straightforward.
No fancy menus or link styles etc: just standard, basic, well-known UI elements.
Some things that used to be more important to me, when I lived on a boat and wrote for boaters:
Big pages are easier to save to disk and view offline than a lot of small pages.
Fairly easy to print the pages.
Pages load fast because not many big images on most of them.
By default, in Hugo your page content is written in Markdown. HTML is allowed
(Hugo's "Supported Content Formats"),
but Markdown seems to be the standard (and for more tools than just Hugo;
JAMstack), and I want
my site to work better on mobile. So I need to convert my existing HTML
files to Markdown. pandoc
Available in Mint's Software Manager, but it's an old version, install from home.
Source files (*.md) go in archetypes/ directory (config variable "archetypeDir") ?
But also content/ directory (config variable "contentDir")
and data/ directory (config variable "dataDir") ?
Seems content/ is for your page files.
"In Hugo, the simplest way to create a page is to create a directory containing an index.md file.
If you need to create a new section for your website, then instead of an index.md file,
simply create _index.md. Section pages in Hugo are mostly called list and other pages are called single."
from Syna
Default Hugo target directory for your built website is public/ (config variable "publishDir").
Simplest to use a single config.toml file in the root directory,
if you're not going to do multiple languages or development/staging/production things.
But the theme you choose may come with a lot of features, including multiple languages ?
By default, the static/ directory in the site project is used for all static files (e.g. stylesheets, JavaScript, images).
The static files are served on the site root path ... Hugo's "Static Files"
My directory structure:
archetypes
content
sailing
gettingstarted
gettingboat
usingboat
places
magnolia
blog
computers
reasoning
legal
places
europe
romaniatrip2016blog
romaniatrip2019blog
spain
andalucia
blog
barcelona
blog
cartalk
disasterprep
presidents
data
layouts
static
pics1
pics2
pics3
themes
hugo-theme-w3css-basic
I want: blog, image gallery, deeplinks, syntax highlighting, mobile.
I'd like something that doesn't use lots of dependencies.
I think my first choice is
Hugo Themes / W3.CSS Basic,
maybe second choice would be
Hugo Themes / Swift.
# to get ALL themes:
git clone --recursive https://github.com/spf13/hugoThemes ./themes
# to get ONE theme:
mkdir themes
cd themes
git clone https://github.com/jaden/twentyfourteen
Create pages:
What is a section ?
hugo new SECTIONNAME/FILENAME.FORMAT
# will create file content/SECTIONNAME/FILENAME.FORMAT
# but then no html file is produced in public ???
# Generate site's pages:
rm -fr public
hugo
Test your site locally:
sudo iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 1313 -j ACCEPT
hugo server
browse to http://localhost:1313
I installed hugo_0.58.2_Linux-64bit.deb. "Extended" version adds Sass/SCSS support;
I think this means it can run on a VPS such as DigitalOcean or AWS.
Installer put it in /usr/local/bin/hugo. Do "hugo version" to verify.
# make site "myweb1" in home directory
cd ~
git clone https://github.com/it-gro/hugo-theme-w3css-basic temp1
cd temp1
mv exampleSite ../myweb1
mkdir ../myweb1/themes
mkdir ../myweb1/themes/hugo-theme-w3css-basic
mv * ../myweb1/themes/hugo-theme-w3css-basic
cd ..
rm -fr temp1
cd myweb1
# edit config.toml:
# change values of baseURL and title
# change I want:
uglyURLs = true
# addition I want:
disablePathToLower = true
cd content
# create index.md file containing any text
cd ..
rm -fr public
hugo
# see that public was created and contains files
ls public
hugo server
# browse to http://localhost:1313
# Site home page appeared ! But I don't see contents of my index.md file.
# close browser tab
ctrl-C to kill server
# Edit config.toml to disable jumbotrons, clients, testimonials,
# photocards, params.marquee, params.features, cookieconsent, params.seeMore
# Comment out setting of disqusShortname to disable it.
# Set disableRSS to true.
rm -fr public
hugo
hugo server
# browse to http://localhost:1313
# Now should see contents of my index.md file.
# Use "preview w3.css color themes" pull-down menu to try different color schemes.
# I like "2017 island-paradise" and "Light blue #87ceeb"
# In config.toml, comment out line for "2018-ceylon-yellow.css"
# and un-comment line for "light-blue.css".
# Maybe you could make your own color-scheme by going to
# themes/hugo-theme-w3css-basic/static/vendor/w3css/4
# and copying and modifying one of the files.
# Docs say "You may create your own monochromatic color theme using
# https://www.w3schools.com/w3css/w3css_color_generator.asp
# and then put the css file under /static/css/w3-theme-custom.css".
# Once you're happy with the color-scheme, you can remove the pull-down
# by changing themeColorSelectorEnable to false.
# add image gallery
https://github.com/liwenyip/hugo-easy-gallery/
content/pages/showcase/gallery-01.md
# STUCK !!! Can't get any *.md file I add under content/ to produce
# a corresponding *.html file under public/.
# make site "myweb3" in home directory
cd ~
hugo new site ./myweb3
cd myweb3
cd themes
git clone https://github.com/onweru/hugo-swift-theme.git
cd ..
hugo new Reason/Reasoning.md
# edit content/Reason/Reasoning.md
rm -fr public
hugo
# got errors "found no layout file for "HTML" for "page": You should create a template file ..."
# edited config.toml to add line 'theme = "hugo-swift-theme"'
rm -fr public
hugo
# got error "Transformation failed: TOCSS: failed to transform "scss/main.scss"
# (text/x-scss): this feature is not available in your current Hugo version"
# Apparently this theme is using SCSS, only available in Hugo extended.
# So, I downloaded the "extended" deb file and installed over top of existing Hugo.
# Maybe could have done "snap refresh hugo --channel=extended" instead ?
rm -fr public
hugo
hugo server
# browse to http://localhost:1313
# Site works, I see home page and my added Reasoning.md file
# copied menu.yml file from themes/hugo-swift-theme/exampleSite/data/ to top data/
# added more files in content/Reasoning folder, and they all show up as
# tiles/cards/posts on the home page, not what I want.
hugo new Presidents/Presidents.md
# also shows up as a tile on home page, not what I want.
# I can't find how this is happening.
# make site "myweb4" in home directory
cd ~
hugo new site ./myweb4
cd myweb4
cd themes
git clone https://github.com/gcushen/hugo-academic.git
cd ..
git init
git submodule update --init --recursive
rm -fr public
hugo
# errors, lots of stuff missing
# tried copying everything up from exampleSite to main
# directory, got different errors
# edited config.toml to add line 'theme = "hugo-academic"'
# edit config/_default/params.toml to set "color_theme" as desired
# https://sourcethemes.com/academic/docs/get-started/
# make site "myweb5" in home directory
cd ~
hugo new site ./myweb5 && cd myweb5
git init
git submodule add https://github.com/PippoRJ/hugo-refresh.git themes/hugo-refresh
rm config.toml
curl -O https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PippoRJ/hugo-refresh/master/exampleSite/config.yaml
rm -fr public
hugo server -D
# edit config.yaml file
# site works, but again I don't see where index.html is being generated,
# don't see how to change it to a page of icons as I want.
I started from a handcrafted HTML web site, with inline JavaScript on some pages,
and Google ads.
Hugo processes images to make the site; I think I want to disable that.
My evaluation of Hugo:
I've tried 4 different themes. None of them document the content structure you're supposed to use
and what they do with it, the required filenames. None of them define the limits they impose, the assumptions they make.
With W3.CSS Basic, I couldn't get any of my pages to appear. Put *.md files all over various levels of content/, nothing.
With Swift, all my *.md files end up as "cards" on the home page. Not documented, didn't expect that,
I guess no way to change it.
With Academic, got error after error while building. Couldn't get to a sane site.
With ReFresh, don't see how to modify home page to what I want, it's hard-coded somewhere ? Similar problem in other themes.
And it looks like I would have to structure pages totally differently for some themes ? Syna, for example,
defines "fragments". Some use "widgets". In some of them, every one of my pages has to be in a separate directory,
and named _index.md ? So once I start using a theme, I'm stuck with it, no easy way to move to another theme or
port my site to some other framework.
Since each theme is different and seems to involve a fair amount of custom code, I'm
not sure how much the general Hugo community can help with big problems. With small
"what is the syntax for this element ?" questions, they probably could help. But
for "why don't any of my pages appear ?", you'll have to ask the community (if any) specific
to that particular theme. And some of the themes I tried seem to have an unresponsive
developer and no community; not sure.
I've read tons of documents, looked through lots of the code, and I'm totally defeated. This is crazy.
Realized I tried something that was way too complex for my needs. Would be nice to have canned things
such as photo gallery, blog, nice UI. But not at this cost.
MobileTest.me
Had to comment out setting of X-Frame-Options to 'deny' in my site's .htaccess file.
Got it working in Chromium, but not in Firefox.
It doesn't replicate a weird button-sizing issue someone saw with my site on an iPhone.
In Chrome or Chromium browsers:
Go to web page, then F12 for Developer's Tools. Click Toggle Device Toolbar button
(looks like two overlapping rectangles) or Ctrl-Shift-M to turn Device Mode on or off (icon is blue when on).
Select device with the Viewport Controls (pull-down menu that starts as "Responsive").
Refresh web page. Every time you change device type, refresh page again.
5 March 2018, I bought a lifetime-hosting subscription from Arch Hosting for $25.
Terms are 2 GB storage and 500 GB/month bandwidth. No monthly or annual hosting charge, for life. If you want
to buy a domain through them, first year is free, subsequent years cost somewhat above market rate (so they can make a profit).
If you want a free-first-year domain from them, there is a list of about 8 TLD's it can be in.
My TLD, ".me", is not one of them.
I already had a domain registered with GoDaddy, so I selected "I will use my existing domain and update my nameservers".
Ended up with three sets of username/password for Arch: one for the account, one for the control panel, and one for FTP.
Had to wipe out files on my old host before switching domain to point to new host, because only access
I had to old host was via FTP. That means my site will be down for several hours during
the changeover. Maybe I could have done FTP to old site later by using IP address instead of domain name,
but I didn't think of that.
Switched domain's IP and nameserver IPs in GoDaddy to point to Arch's servers,
and suddenly GoDaddy says "we can't show you anything
about DNS because now you're on someone else's DNS". Maybe that wouldn't have happened if I'd changed only the
domain's IP and left the nameserver IPs unchanged (which I think would have worked, but
not been optimal). Now my DNS info is accessed
through Zone Editor in Arch's cPanel. Domain still is registered at GoDaddy.
Took about an hour for the updated DNS info to percolate through the system; GoDaddy had a TTL of 1 hour on it.
In Arch file manager, site files must reside under /public_html folder.
If you want to FTP directly into there,
when creating FTP account, specify home directory "public_html".
Couldn't figure out how to get the SFTP to work, used FTP instead, it worked fine. I'm using a client (WinSCP)
that they don't support, so none of their supplied config files help me. Maybe I need SSH enabled on my site
in order to use SFTP. And maybe I need an encryption key, too. [Eventually asked Support, they said yes need SSH,
no key, they'll enable SSH on my account. Login details a bit different, but now SFTP works.]
About 24 hours later, got email that Arch's "AutoSSL" had generated an SSL certificate for me (from Let's Encrypt)
and installed it, all automatically with no request by me. Went to browser, and both HTTP and HTTPS work.
When I go to HTTP site,
HTTPS Everywhere add-on does not automatically send me to HTTPS site. Turns out HTTPS Everywhere works
off a set of rules, it doesn't automatically switch over for every random site.
Info in browser says the certificate expires in 3 months ? Answer from Support:
"The SSL certificate expires in 3 months, but the system automatically renews it before that.
As long as your site points to our hosting, the certificate will always renew before the expiration date."
Received an automated "you're close to your disk space limit" email. Looks like the limit
is 1.95 GB, not 2.0, and I've used 1.62 GB. Also a limit of 100K files, and I have about 9K.
Ran moarTLS on HTTP version of my site, and it correctly detects that an HTTPS version is available.
Change to HTTPS version, and moarTLS says all internal links are secure.
Added some Apache "Rewrite" directives to ".htaccess" file, and now any access to my site using HTTP
gets changed to HTTPS automatically.
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} 80
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://www.billdietrich.me/$1 [R,L]
I wonder if I should delete some superfluous CNAME records in my DNS entry. I haven't enabled any
additional features: email, etc. But my site is accessible through both "www.mydomain.tld" and "mail.mydomain.tld", and
probably other sub-domains too. Wikipedia's "List of DNS record types"
There's no "AAAA" record in my DNS entry, so I think my site is not accessible via IPv6.
ipv6 test
and
chair6
confirm that.
By end of 2nd day, I've interacted with Support on about 6 questions, with good results each time. Very satisfied.
And my site is completely up and running, no issues remaining. Of course, my site is pretty simple, no server-side code,
not using their email or Wordpress or database or other features.
Looks like I can upgrade to 10 GB storage and 1 TB/month bandwidth for $20. This would change
my lifetime account from "Startup" to "Business".
After a week, everything still fine.
Traffic to my site has consumed about 4 GB of bandwidth. So I won't
be anywhere near hitting the 500 GB/month limit.
After 2+ weeks, received email invoice saying "Pay $0.00". Followed by another
email saying "Thank you for your payment of $0.00".
A month after that email invoice, received another pair of emails, same thing.
I guess it will happen every month.
11 days later, got ANOTHER email invoice/paid pair.
6/16: Noticed that HSTS is not enabled on my site. Support says add
Header set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000" includeSubDomains env=HTTPS
to the .htaccess file. Did that and it worked. Later changed to
Header set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains" env=HTTPS
7/1: No DNSSEC on my domain; I tested it with
VeriSign's "DNSSEC Analyzer".
But my domain was registered through GoDaddy; not sure if that matters, I think
Arch's DNS servers are serving it now.
Arch Hosting Wiki's "DNSSEC"
says DNSSEC is optional, sounds a little scary, may cause problems.
8/29: Found that Arch offers 2FA (software TOTP) on the cPanel login, so I enabled that.
They're hoping to offer 2FA on the main account login in the future.
8/29: Arch doesn't support onion (Tor) access to your web site, and doesn't plan to do so, opposes it.
9/20: Added
Header set X-Frame-Options "deny"
Header set X-XSS-Protection "1; mode=block"
to .htaccess file.
10/1: Added
Header set X-Content-Type-Options "nosniff"
Header set Content-Security-Policy "object-src 'self';"
Header set Content-Security-Policy "script-src 'unsafe-inline';"
Header set Content-Security-Policy "style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline';"
Header set Content-Security-Policy "frame-ancestors 'none';"
to .htaccess file.
12/28: Added
Header set Referrer-Policy "no-referrer-when-downgrade"
Header set Feature-Policy "payment 'none'; notifications 'none'; microphone 'none'; camera 'none'"
Header set Expect-CT "enforce; max-age=600"
to .htaccess file.
12/30: Added a /.well-known/security.txt file containing:
Contact: mailto:admin@billdietrich.me
3/4/2019: Realized directives were blocking Google add/search/analysis features,
changed .htaccess file to have:
6/1/2019: Realized my site had a DNS MX record, and a default email account in the hosting account.
Support says they are harmless and can't be removed.
8/2019: cPanel greatly raised charges, so Arch moved users (who consented) to DirectAdmin.
They said nothing would change with FTP, but in fact SSH and SFTP went away, only plain FTP is available now.
10/2019: Set MX records to point to Migadu servers.
10/2019: Found you get a limited number of Support credits when you sign up, and mine have
run out, apparently no Support for me any more !
11/2019: Now TOTP is supported again on main Arch account login, but TOTP on DirectAdmin
fails for me, says time-discrepancy error.
There is a "restricted community" /u/ArchHosting on reddit. I don't know how
that differs from a "restricted sub-reddit", which would start with /r/.
12/2019: Suddenly got a notice that Arch Hosting is going out of business, in 1 month !
They have arranged for easy migration and special pricing to Shock Hosting, which seems
to have unlimited storage (nice). But probably the end for my $25 lifetime deal.
Paid about $21/year for hosting, because I'm getting a huge discount arranged by Arch.
2019-12-15: Got the new hosting account active, after a bit of a delay because
I was using a VPN when I paid, so it got held for "fraud review". Told Arch to start moving data
across. Updated my domain registrar to point to the new nameservers, but
the change may take a while. Then realized I probably did that too soon.
And my main email service hangs off those nameservers, since I use my domain for
my email address. Went in and copied a few key DNS entries (those for email service) from the old account.
Should be okay if my email is down for a while, both web-hosting services and my email-hosting service have alternate addresses
for me, and I can log in to any of their sites to communicate with them too.
Within hours, someone says they're getting a "this site is not secure" message
when accessing my web site. I don't see that. Soon another person says it too.
The DNS in my VPN must be slower to update.
Within 18 hours, data has been transferred from old to new. Logged in and checked
DNS records. All well, but soon I noticed the AAAA records point to IPv6 address on old server.
If I turn off VPN, ping goes to new hosting service. Checked that my web pages work.
Did SSL tests. Checked that email works.
cPanel supports TOTP 2FA, but enabling it is in an odd place, in the Security section among various
site features, not under the account profile pull-down menu. Main account supports TOTP 2FA also.
Filed a Support ticket about DNS records and SSH.
Quick response: they do support IPv6 and will fix the records.
And soon they gave me the information to get SFTP working.
A couple of hours later, VPN's DNS has picked up my site's new IPv4 address,
but the new IPv6 address still is working its way through the systems.
To-do: why their email host in my records,
DKIM on their email, do they host as onion also ?
Some image files give 403 error, maybe because I uploaded them
just a few hours ago ?
According to cPanel, on my account there is a limit of 300K files, but no limits on disk usage
or bandwidth.
Had Support remove a bunch of unneeded DNS records, and a couple of erroneous records copied from the old service.
As of 12/2019: "Our DNS cluster doesn't support DNSSEC unfortunately."
End of 1/2020: Wanted to change .htaccess file to get rid of "unsafe-inline" and use script hashes instead.
But it turns out that lots of Google code blows up if you remove 'unsafe-inline' from 'style-src'.
And if you have 'unsafe-inline' in a directive, you can't also have hashes.
Changed from:
Header set Content-Security-Policy "script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' lots of Google domains;"
Header set Content-Security-Policy "style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' lots of Google domains;"
to:
# script hashes:
# contents of myscripts.js == 'sha256-something1'
Header set Content-Security-Policy "script-src 'self' 'sha256-something1' lots of Google domains;"
Header set Content-Security-Policy "style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' lots of Google domains;"
Use Report URI's "Script And Style Hasher"
to generate hash values for your script code.
Add those hash values to .htaccess file.
Document code and corresponding hash in a comment in .htaccess file.
Have to change .htaccess file and upload to site, then go to site in Chrome, open a page,
open DevTools (ctrl+shift+I), then do something to execute a script on the page.
It will fail, and an error message will show the hash of the script.
Add that hash to the .htaccess file, upload again, repeat.
Change .htaccess file and upload to site, then go to site in Firefox, open a page,
Web Console is crtl-shift-K. See error messages.
Eventually figured out that I've been doing "Header set Content-Security-Policy"
wrong all along: there can only be one such line in the .htaccess file, and
all "-src" directives have to go in that one line. And then found out that using
Google Ads just blows any restrictions wide open. Can't even restrict to a reasonable set of Google domains,
because adservice.google.* varies by country of the client, and you can't have a domain
pattern that ends with a *. Ended up having to set:
Header set Content-Security-Policy "default-src 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval' *;"
To get backup copy of DNS records, do CPanel / JetBackup / DNS Zone Backups.
To view numbers of unique visitors and page-views etc, do CPanel / Awstats, then:
Navigation / Viewed / Full list
Who / Locales / Full list
Referrers / Origin
Referrers / Search
Has a GUI site-designer (web app) that is okay. Provides lots of sample sites to
get you started quickly. Pretty easy to figure out without reading docs.
Easily supports multiple languages and mobile. Works okay with Firefox.
You can get started for free, and you can publish your site on Wix.com for free,
but they will show small ads at the top. If you want to get rid of the ads,
or use your own custom domain, cheapest plan is €4.50/month (€65/year with VAT).
They don't provide any way to export your design or HTML/CSS/JS, but they
do provide two kinds of backups/snapshots on their site, so recovering from major
site-editing mistakes should be easy.
Wix has limitations and quirks. For example, it seems they use absolute positioning,
so if you're supporting multiple languages, and texts are different lengths in different
languages, there will be white-space gaps in some pages in some languages.
People online complain about bad customer support from Wix, hard to
get questions answered or problems resolved. But a quick look at the reddit sub
seems to show Support occasionally being helpful there.
Beware: lots of scammers hanging around the Wix ecosystem. People offering to "help",
either to phish your credentials or to get you into a paid-consultant situation.
Got the web site
live. It's using HTTP, not HTTPS (found the place to turn it
on, site dashboard / Overview / HTTPS, and it says HTTPS enabling is in process, automatically,
wait an hour or two; it was using HTTPS later). The multi-language
pull-down menu does not appear, in either Firefox or Chromium, and site is in English
regardless of computer's default system language (found that the slide-settings in the
language dashboard are misleading; I had them in "hidden" setting).
Also there's still a Wix ad across the top, even though we paid for basic hosting, I thought
the ad was supposed to go away (I remembered wrong; basic plan does have ads).
So, a few hours after paying for basic plan, connecting to our custom domain, and publishing,
everything is working.
If you close the page and open it again, the language setting is not remembered, so I think
they're not setting a cookie.
If you want to make a text block into a link (to a web page or email address or phone number), the
text has to be a single line.
Images look incredibly blurred in Firefox 68.3.0 on Android 6, and the hamburger menu doesn't work.
Tried changing Settings / Image Sharpening to "none";
didn't help. Tried changing Settings / Mobile Friendly to "off", and that made the images slightly
better, but left the site with horizontal (desktop) pages on a vertical (mobile) screen.
But then went to Chrome on another Android phone and the site is fine. Went back to my phone, used
Chrome, site is fine. So they don't support Firefox on mobile properly, or Firefox has a problem.
For serious web-app-with-database-etc development, Wix has
Corvid.
Alternative: Duda ?
But it looks a little more complex than Wix, and 3x the price.
Alternative: Google Sites ?
But it seems quite a bit more limited than Wix.
You could put attractive nonsense files on your site to waste the time of bots or attackers.
Some people say this will be ineffective; bots are looking for very-low-hanging fruit such
as vulnerable Wordpress plug-ins and plaintext credentials and open RDP ports.
Check with your hosting service to make sure this doesn't violate their TOS.
My hosting service said: I can't host anything malicious, and a zip-bomb file
qualifies as "malicious", not allowed.
"Give a 2 MB dump from /dev/rand that is AES-encrypted with a long random password."
AES-256 password is limited to 32 chars. Secret Messages' "Encrypt Files"
You get a ZIP file with an AES file inside it.
UNZIP it to get the .aes file, set basename to something enticing, put on your site.
Give a password manager database that has a good master password and only junk contents.
Important that it has a well-known file extension, so scanners can find it.
Or (a lot of work) have the contents look like real account entries, but be bogus.
Give fake AWS credentials files:
sudo apt install awscli
aws --version
aws configure
# type AWS Access Key ID such as AAAABBBBCCCCDDDDEEEE
# type AWS Secret Access Key ID such as AAAABBBBCCCCDDDDEEEE
# type default region name such as us-west-2
# choose "default output format"
cat ~/.aws/config
cat ~/.aws/credentials
aws ec2 create-security-group --group-name "n" --description "d"
# should get authentication failure
# copy config and credentials files to /.aws on your web site
Give a ZIP file with a name such as "mypasswords.zip" that has a good master password and only junk contents:
zip -e mypasswords1.zip FILENAMES
zip -e mypasswords.zip mypasswords1.zip
rm mypasswords1.zip
VeraCrypt containers have no fixed header or standard file extension,
so don't give a fake VC container, the attacker won't know what it is.
Fake Linux /etc/shadow file: copy your real /etc/shadow file from your home PC,
then edit to copy your normal-user encrypted password field to root's entry,
then change same 10-20 chars in the middle of each encrypted password to random stuff.
Fake Linux /etc/passwd file: copy your real home PC /etc/passwd file,
then make sure no personal info is in it. No need to edit it further;
it has no encrypted passwords, and doesn't apply to the site host server anyway.
Fake Linux "pass" files:
sudo apt install gnupg2
sudo apt install pass
# https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Creating_GPG_Keys
# https://www.fossmint.com/pass-commandline-password-manager-for-linux/
pass init SOMEUSERNAME@YOURDOMAINNAME
# creates ~/.password-store
pass generate FBUSERNAME/facebook.com 30
# failed on my system; something broken in gpg
# maybe because I uninstalled seahorse ?
pass insert FBUSERNAME/facebook.com
# and type a password, twice
# failed on my system; something broken in gpg
# maybe because I uninstalled seahorse ?
pass ls
Then copy the whole .password-store tree to your web site.
Crypto wallet.
Install Electrum app, get passphrase and set password,
File / Save Copy of wallet, get it from ~/snap/electrum/2/.electrum/wallets/ directory,
also do Wallet / Private Keys / Export, get /snap/electrum/2/electrum-private-keys.csv,
put them in /.bitcoin directory on web server.
Make sure the files are accessible to public. Also a good idea to allow directory listing to public.
Maybe create a password-protected directory, if the hosting service supports this:
The following is not best practice, but may be the best you can do on a shared hosting service.
For Apache server: Create a directory (with attractive name) you want to protect,
and in that directory create a .htaccess file containing:
AuthType Basic
AuthName "Restricted Content" # this will be displayed to user before login
AuthUserFile /.htpasswd-DIRNAME
Require valid-user
Use CLI command "htpasswd" (or
4WebHelp
or
Alterlinks
) to create a username:encyptedpassword string, put it into file /.htpasswd-DIRNAME, then set permissions to 600 or 640.
(Best practice would be to put that file outside the site tree, but you can't do that on a shared host.
Also you could name it ".htRANDOMCHARS" if you didn't want scanners to see it's a password file.)
Go to a browser and try to access "YOURSITE/DIRNAME". You should get prompted for username and password.
I wasn't able to get it working fully; I think the AuthUserFile path is wrong.
But I left the site with the .htaccess file present and no .htpasswd file anywhere,
and that works fine for my purpose: password-protected directory that's impossible to log into.
Make your site look like it's running Wordpress when it's not:
Tricky: Since my web server doesn't actual execute PHP, there is no harm in putting
PHP files on my site. And the wp-links-opml.php file I put there is actually the output
of the execution of a typical wp-links-opml.php file. Same for xmlrpc.php file.
Add to pages:
<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 3.0" />
<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v12.5 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ -->
<link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="https://s0.wp.com/wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml" />
<img src="https://s0.wp.com/wp-content/themes/vip/99u-2016/assets/img/logo-white-adobe-hover.svg" alt="adobe" width="0" height="0" style="visibility:hidden" />
Install themes:
Go to https://wordpress.org/themes/ , select a theme, click Download button on it,
download ZIP file, save ZIP file into wp-content/themes.
Extract contents, producing directory THEMENAME and files inside it.
Delete ZIP file. Go into THEMENAME directory and delete all files except index.php and style.css .
On your site, create directory wp-content/themes/THEMENAME and upload index.php and style.css to it.
To get a known-vulnerable theme, I took 1.2.2 from https://github.com/themegrill/flash/releases
Use https://whatcms.org/ and https://cmsdetect.com/
and https://scanwp.net/ and https://www.wpthemedetector.com/ and https://whatwpthemeisthat.com/
to test the site.
https://www.billdietrich.me/index.html
curl --data "param1=value1¶m2=value2" https://wpsmackdown.com/xmlrpc.php
HTML-only site on hosting service:
hosted on any web hosting service, either hand-built or using design tools.
